An example is a single item drawn from a larger group to which it belongs. An example is also often viewed as one of a number of specific cases in which a generalization turns out to be true. Smog is one of many possible examples of pollution. Chicken pox is an example of a childhood disease. The egg yolk on Bill’s necktie is an example of sloppy eating habits. The bald eagle is an example that backs up the generalization that endangered species can sometimes be preserved. The French Reign of Terror is an example that supports the idea that violent revolutions often bring about further violence. (The preceding five sentences are a good paper of examples.)
It’s hard to write a good paper of any kind without using at least some examples. Examples clarify a writer’s thought by bringing remote abstractions down to earth:
The American Civil War was not all the romantic valor we read about in storybooks. It was the horrors of trench warfare, the medical nightmare of wholesale amputations, and for the south, at least, the agony of slow starvation.
Examples also add interest: The most humdrum generalization can take on new life if supported by effective examples. Specific details described in specific language are at the heart of almost all good writing, and examples by their very nature are specific:
Professor Smathers’ course in Shakespeare was the worst I have ever taken. Once We spent a whole week listening to students recite -or mumble- sonnets they had been forced to memorize. Another time Professor Smathers devoted an entire period to attacking one of the footnotes in our edition of Hamlet. And I never understood the true meaning of boredom until the great day that I heard him discourse on Shakespeare’s preference for daisies over roses.
Examples help persuade. Without the help of examples, many perfectly valid statements can be percieved as dismal echoes of ideas the author has heard somewhere but has never though about seriously. If the writer of the following paragraph had omittied the example, there would be no way to evaluate the merits of the complaint:
Routine city service are in a terrible state. The freeway from West 50th Street to the Downtown exit has been filled with gaping chuckholes since early spring. Rat-infested, condemned, and abandoned buildings still line Water Street despite the three-year-old promises to tear them down. Last week the papers reported the story of a man who called the police about a burglar entering his home-and got a busy signal.
An example essay is one that relies on examples to support its thesis. The ordinary pattern for an example essay is elementary, though bear in mind that no pattern should be followed blindly. A first paragraph presents the thesis. A varying number of paragraphs-depending on the subject, complexity of thesis, and material available to the writer- then establishes through examples the validity of the thesis. A concluding paragraph reinforces or advances the thesis. The pattern seems simple, and it is.
What isn’t quite so simple is seeing to it that all the examples are relevant and persuasive.
Are There Enough Examples to Support Your Thesis?
Three examples may sometimes be enough. A hundred may be too few (an in that case you’ve made a poor choice of thesis for an example essay). Common sense is your best guide. Three in-depth examples of overly sentimental deathbed scenes from Dickens’ novels may be enough to establish that Dickens had trouble with deathbed scenes. A hundred examples of middle-aged men with protruding stomachs will not even begin to establish that most middle-aged men have potbellies. As a general rule for a paper of five hundred words or so, choose a thesis that can be supported adequately with no more than fifteen examples, unless your instructor tells you otherwise. Don’t use fewer than three examples unless you’re extremely confident about the virtues of your paper. Remember, too, that the fewer the examples, the more fully each needs to be developed.
Are the Examples Fairly Chosen?
Your reader must be convinced that the examples represent a reasonable cross-section of the group you’re dealing with. Choose typical example. Anyone can load the dice. You may have an imposing number of dramatic examples showing that the downtown business area of a city is deserted and dying, but if you drew all the examples from only one street or from visiting the area on a Sunday afternoon, you would not have played fair. Plan your paper with the notion of a cross-section constantly in mind. If you’re generalizing about teachers in your school, try to pick examples from different departments, age groups, sexes, and so on. If you’re attacking television commercials, make sure your examples include significantly different products; otherwise, you might wind up convincing your reader that only ads for soaps and detergents are bad.
Have You Stuck to Your Thesis?
One way of losing sight of your thesis has just been described. Poorly selected examples, besides creating an impression of unfairness, may support only part of the thesis; on writer demonstrates that only a single block is deserted and dying, not the whole downtown area; another shows that commercials about laundry products are offensive, not commercials in general.
A second, but equally common way of drifitng off is to forget you are writing an example paper. A writer starts out well by providing examples establishing the idea that “routine city services are in a terrible state.” Halfway through the paper, the writer gets sidetracked into a discussion of the causes for this condition and the steps the average citizen can take to remedy it. The writer thus manages to produce a paper that’s 50 percent irrelevant to the declared thesis.
Have You Arranged Your Examples to Produce the Greatest Impact?
In planning your paper, you’ve limited your subject, developed a thesis, and jotted down many examples. You’ve eliminated irrelevant and illogical examples. Now how do you handle those that are left? Which comes first? Which comes last?
Unless you’re superhuman, some of the examples you’re going to use will be clearly superior to others. As a general principle, try to start off with a bang. Grab the attention of your reader as soon as possible with your most dramatic or shocking or amusing or disturbing example. If you have tow unusually effective examples, so much the better. Save one for last: Try to end with a bang too.
A large number of exceptionally strong examples can also lead to a common variation on the orthodox pattern of devoting the first paragraph to a presentation of the thesis. Use the first paragraph instead to present one of the strongest examples. (Humorous anecdotes often work particularly well.) Stimulate curiosity. Arouse interest. The present the thesis in the second paragraph before going on to the other examples.
Paragraphing itself is important throughout the essay to help the reader understand the nature of your material and the logic of your argument. With a few well-developed examples, there’s no problem. Each should get a paragraph to itself. With a great number of examples, however, there’s some potential for difficulties. Each example will probably be short-one or two sentences, let’s say- because you’re writing an essay of only a few hundred words, not a term paper. If each of these short examples gets a separate paragraph, the paper is likely to be extremely awkward and choppy to read. But even without burden, the physical appearance alone of the page can bother most readers: Before getting to the actual reading, they will have thought of the paper as a collection of separate sentences and thoughts rather than as a unified composition.
The solution to this paragraphing problem is to gather the many examples together into a few logical groups and write a paragraph for each group, not for each example. Suppose you have fifteen good examples of declining city services. Instead of writing fifteen one-sentence paragraphs, you observe that four examples involve transportation; five, safety; three, housing; and the rest, pollution and sanitation. Your paragraphing problems are over.
1. Thesis: Routine city services are in a terrible state.
2. Transportation
Ex. 1-Higher fares for same ore worse service
Ex. 2-No parking facilities
Ex. 3- Poor snow removal
Ex. 4-Refusal to synchronize traffic lights downtown
3. Safety
Ex. 1-Unrepaired chuckholes
Ex. 2-Unrepaired traffic lights
Ex. 3-Busy signals at police station
Ex. 4-Slow response when police do come
Ex. 5-Releasing of dangerous criminals because of overcrowding at city jail
4. Housing
Ex. 1-Decaying public projects
Ex. 2-Abandoned buildings not torn down
Ex. 3-Housing codes not enforced in some neighborhoods
5. Pollution and Sanitation
Ex. 1-Flooded basements
Ex. 2-Litter in public parks
Ex. 3-Increase in rats
6. Conclusion
Writing Suggestions For Example Essays.
Write an example essay supporting one of the following statements or a related statement of your own.
- Life in [your town] is not as bad as it’s cracked up to be.
- Some teachers try too hard to identify with their students.
- Junk-food has many virtues.
- Corruption is part of the American way of life.
- Teenage marriages are likely to end unhappily.
- People express their personalities through clothes they wear.
- The generation gap is a myth.
- Children’s television programs display too much violence.
- A student’s life is not a happy one.
- Nuns and/or priests are complex human beings, not plaster saints.
- You can tell a lot about people from their table manners.
- Student government is a farce.
- Apparent nonconformists are sometimes the worst conformists.
- Everyone loves to gossip.
- Many people never learn from their mistakes.
- The effort to succeed in more satisfying than success itself.
- Even at their best, most people are basically selfish.
- The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
- Taking care of a pet can be a great educational experience for children.
- Newspapers rarely bother to report good news.
Dan’s New Minivan.
Britt Teller (student)
Thesis: My Husband, Dan, chose the new family minivan because of its great number of gadgets.
I. Technological wonders
A. CD player
B. Compass and thermometer
C. Power everything
D. Remote control
E. Burglar Alarm
II. Nonhigh-tech wonders
A. Storage compartments
B. Holder for garage door opener
C. Sun visors
III. Deluxe cupholders
Conclusion: To be honest, I really like the car, too.
My husband, Dan, just bought a new minivan. He spent months poring over shiny brochures from car companies, checking out safety features and mileage statistics, reading and rereading critical reviews in Consumer Reports and Car and Driver, and talking with friends, neighbors, and perfect strangers, about their own minivans. He talked to me and the kids about out preferences in size, color, seating, and a host of other details. He paid for the computerized services itemizing dealer costs and sticker prices. He spent ages visiting dealers and practicing his negotiating skills. (I swore off accompanying him on those trips to dealers fifteen years and three care ago.) Finally the big day came. My husband went out to buy the minivan he had scientifically determined to be the best for our family. He came home with the van with the most gadgets.
Our new van has scores of technological wonders. It has a CD player that my eleven-year-old daughter had to show her father how to use and for which we own no CDs. It has separate heating and air conditioning controls for the driver’s seat, the passenger’s seat, and the bench seats in the back. In case Dan gets lost while driving around the corner to pick up a carton of milk, the new van has a digital compass that constantly flashes the direction he’s heading, and as a bonus also shows the current outside temperature in the Celsius and Fahrenheit, plus the total trip distance in miles and kilometers. So no one in the family gets wrist strain, the van has power locks, power windows, and power seats with memories. So no one gets finger strain, it has a key chain gizmo that locks and unlocks the doors through remote control. It has a built-in burglar alarm-that I hate and which was accidentally set off three times in the first week that we had it.
Other gadgets in the minivan are not as high tech, but they are just as mush fun for my husband to play with. The new van has a secret locking storage compartment beneath the passenger seat. And if anyone should need to store anything else, there are at least six more storage areas tucked in convenient and inconvenient places all around the van. To allay panic when one is trying to open the garage door, the new van even has a special holder for the garage door opener that lets Dan press the magic button without any fumbling. Even the sun visors are miracles. They have built-in extenders to block the sun at the trickiest angles. They have vanity mirrors with built-in lights. And the lights themselves are adjustable. (I’m not making this up.)
But the very best thing about the van, Dan’s favorite thing about his brand new car, the thing he shows off to all the neighbors-is the cupholders! There are fourteen cup holders. Fourteen! In a minivan that seats only seven, that’s quite an accomplishment. They are in the armrests and under the dashboard. They are attached to doors. They are on the backs of seats. They pull out from under other seats. Two of them are adjustable, for heaven’s sake. They fit the cups better than my clothes fit me.
To be honest, I really am pleased with Dan’s choice of minivan. I’m grateful that we can somehow afford the darned thing, of course, It gets surprisingly good mileage. It’s easy to park and fun to drive, and now that I’ve got the hang of the burglar alarm, even that isn’t too bad. I know my husband only bought it for the gadgets, and I know it’s not the most practical thin he’s ever done, but he’s very happy, and I always have some place to put my coffee.